![]() An Italian submarine on patrol in the Atlantic. ![]() Germany made startling progress in submarine design, though too late to have any influence on the outcome of the war the necessity for aircraft protection of Allied convoys led first to merchant ships being equipped with a single catapult-launched fighter, then to the production of large numbers of comparatively inexpensive escort carriers and Japan, her carrier force destroyed in a series of epic Pacific battles, managed to produce the most powerful battleship ever built, the ill-fated Yamato. ![]() Aircraft and submarines became the main enemy of surface warships, while the battleships and battle-cruisers that had been regarded as the king-pins of the fleets were eclipsed by the aircraft carrier, sea battles being fought at aircraft range without the opposing warships ever sighting each other. Tactically, WW2 saw a number of profound changes in the use of sea power.
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